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[Music]

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hello and welcome to a special episode

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of nasa science live i'm your host joy

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ung and i'm so glad you're joining us

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today to talk about comet neowise

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as you might have heard in the news this

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three mile wide comet is parting through

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the night sky this month and you'll be

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able to look up and see it with

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binoculars telescopes and if you're

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lucky even the naked eye

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last weekend i managed to see it around

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4am in the chesapeake bay in maryland

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and it was stunning but if you're more

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from night owl starting from this week

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you get a chance to see in the evenings

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just after sunset on social media we

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asked you to submit some of your own

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photos and we received some amazing

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images so keep an eye out because we'll

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be featuring them throughout the show

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comet neowise was first discovered in

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march of this year and it's been putting

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on a grand show for comet comet watches

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at dawn and now at dusk it's covered in

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soot left over from the formation of our

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solar system about 4.6 billion years ago

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and as comets orbit close to the sun

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they heat up and spew gases and dust in

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a glowing head and this material is what

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forms the tail that you see stretching

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across the sky

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observers all over the world are hoping

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to capture a glimpse of comet neo-eyes

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and today we have two nasa experts here

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to answer some key questions about this

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fascinating celestial object

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please send your questions using the

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hashtag asknasa or by writing in the

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comment box wherever you're watching

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this today

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so let's get started

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i'm joined by emily kramer who's the

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co-investigator on the near-wise science

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team and joe masero nearwise deputy

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principal investigator from nasa's jet

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propulsion laboratory thank you both so

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much for joining us thanks for having us

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great to be here

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so we're all really excited about the

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opportunity to see comet nearwise in the

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sky

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but i'm curious what is the difference

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between a comet and an asteroid

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sure that's a great question so comets

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and asteroids are both objects in our

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solar system

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that uh orbit through the uh different

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areas the asteroids are mostly between

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uh mars and jupiter and the comets tend

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to be in a much wider area they're also

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tend to be very different in composition

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the asteroids are mostly rocky and the

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comets are what we might call icy mud

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balls so a combination of volatiles such

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as water ice carbon dioxide and carbon

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so how was comet neowize first

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discovered

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so comet neowise was first picked up by

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the neo-y survey at the end of march so

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neowise is an acronym that stands for

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the near-earth object wide field

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infrared survey explorer and this is an

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infrared space telescope orbiting the

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earth in the low earth orbit constantly

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scanning the sky in the thermal infrared

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looking for asteroids and comets that

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come close to the earth

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and so this comet was first picked up at

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the end of march as part of our

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automated processing and so as the data

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came in it goes through an automated

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system that tries to identify moving

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objects and sends it to our team to

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review and so as part of that review we

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were looking at and said hey

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this looks like a comet we can see a

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clear fuzzy cloud around it and so we

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reported that to the minor plan center

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saying here's a new object and it looks

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to be cometary now right after we

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discovered it we saw that it was going

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to have a close pass with the sun around

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july 3rd and that there was a chance

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that it could become very bright and so

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we were really crossing our fingers and

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we got really lucky that it turned out

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to be a spectacular sight

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yeah it's really really stunning

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so why is it named

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um near-wise

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so this is a tradition in astronomy that

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goes back centuries

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comets are typically named after their

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discoverer and or the first person who

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reported it in the journals or the

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letters to their colleagues

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now that most of the discoveries of

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asteroids and comments are done by

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surveys the rules have been that if it's

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found by the automatic processing of the

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survey it's named after the survey and

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so because our survey is named eois the

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and is there anything that makes this

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comment unique

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well the fact that we can see it is

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really what makes it unique um

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it's quite rare for a comet to be bright

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enough that we can see it with the naked

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eye or even with just binoculars uh the

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last time we had a comet that was this

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bright was common hill bop back in 1995

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and 1996 so it's been quite a while and

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it's exciting to be able to see this one

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in in this way now

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and why is it that we can see comet near

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eyes now i understand at the end of the

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month it's going to disappear and not be

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seen for six thousand eight hundred

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years so why is that so

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right so as i said this when it came by

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the close pass of the sun in july july

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third um that's when it gets the hottest

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and so the sun bakes off these ices that

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emily spoke about and turns them into a

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gas that makes this cloud this beautiful

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tail that we see and that's a

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combination of the melting gases and the

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dust that's kicked off by it and so

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whether you can see a comet or not and

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how bright it appears is all a function

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of geometry where is the earth where is

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the sun where is the comet and so if all

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of the things line up just right then

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this comet is reflecting enough of the

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sun's light to get to us to appear to be

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and we've had a few nasa satellites that

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have captured the comet in its images um

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what can we learn from comets using

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satellites

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some really interesting information that

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we're not able to get from the ground

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for example with the neo-y spacecraft

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the one that we use to discover this

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comet we're able to detect carbon

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monoxide and carbon dioxide which is

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difficult to see from the ground due to

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earth's atmosphere so we're able to get

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some information that we wouldn't be

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able to do otherwise additionally with

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uh with other spacecraft such as hubble

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space telescope for example or

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soho or a few others we're able to see

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the comet without the earth's atmosphere

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obscuring it allowing us to get a much

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more detailed picture of what's going on

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well that's really interesting um let's

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go ahead and answer some questions from

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ask nasa remember please don't hesitate

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to send us your questions by writing in

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the comment box wherever you're watching

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this or by using the hashtag asksmaster

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on social media

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so one question we've been getting from

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a lot of you is how do i capture

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comment neowise in photos well nasa's

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social media specialist bill dunford

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captured some photos last weekend and

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has shared a few of his tips

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hi i'm bill dunphy from nasa's jet

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propulsion laboratory in my spare time i

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love to take pictures of the night sky

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i do this using a camera mounted to a

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tripod and in manual mode so that i can

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set the camera to leave the shutter open

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for several seconds

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to let in lots of light

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recently i captured these images of

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comet neowise

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on a clear morning at about 4 30 a.m i

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went to a location far from city lights

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that had a good view of the northeast

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horizon

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i could see the comet with the naked eye

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so i zoomed in on it and exposed each

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shot for about 4 seconds

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i also did a little post processing

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using photo editing software here's an

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original photo straight out of the

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camera i was able to brighten it a bit

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draw out the vibrancy of the colors and

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clean up some noise

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the end result was close to how the

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scene looked in person which i have to

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tell you is beautiful

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so i really hope you get a chance to see

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comet neowise and all of the other

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so we have another question from social

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media twitter user fran asks will the

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comet keep moving higher away from the

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horizon every night will eventually be

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over my head and can i see it any time

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after dark

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so right now it's moving from the

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morning sky as you heard into the

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evening sky so it will be coming up in

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the evening sky as this next week or two

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go on but it's going to be moving

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further from the sun at the same time

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and so there's a chance that it could be

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getting fainter or if there's extra

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activity it could be getting brighter so

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we really don't know what the brightness

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change will be over time but it's

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certainly going to be in the after about

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a month from now going to be getting

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much fainter rapidly um it won't be over

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okay um and twitter user batswan asks

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now that the comet is more visible in

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the evening will it no longer be visible

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yeah so as joe was saying

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oh this is the difficult part about

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doing this remotely uh so as joe was

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saying as the the comet moves its

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position in the solar system due to the

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geometry we'll only be able to see it in

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the evening from uh

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after a few days from now you can see

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from this picture here how it'll move in

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the sky

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fantastic so twitter user andrew fontura

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asks how fast is comet near-wise

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traveling through space

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so as emily mentioned before comets

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follow these very elliptical orbits and

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so when it's farthest from the sun comet

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eos is almost at a standstill with

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respect to the sun but as it fell down

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the sun's gravity well it's sped up and

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so right now it's moving at around 40

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miles every second this is about twice

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as fast as earth speed around the sun

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and so as it goes farther from the sun

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it'll be slowing down as it climbs back

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okay so rishikesh kankel from twitter

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asks what is comet neowise's tail made

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of or how much water is in the comets

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right so

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comet there's actually usually you see

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two different comet tails you can see

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the broad dust tail which kind of has

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this pale yellowish gray color and then

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frequently you will also see the ion

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tail which is made of ionized gases so

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both of these are come from the comet's

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nucleus that are lifted off as the comet

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gets closer to the sun

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and because they have different

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compositions they just react a little

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differently to

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the

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solar radiation pressure that is to say

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the uh

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the

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00:11:00,949 --> 00:10:59,600
sun's uh

276
00:11:03,829 --> 00:11:00,959
how the sun interacts with these

277
00:11:06,949 --> 00:11:03,839
particles so the the two different kinds

278
00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:06,959
of particles tend to get spread out so

279
00:11:10,949 --> 00:11:08,959
the other question uh the other part of

280
00:11:13,269 --> 00:11:10,959
the question was about the how much

281
00:11:16,310 --> 00:11:13,279
water is in a comet so

282
00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:16,320
uh this comet is about um three miles

283
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:19,200
across and most comets on average are

284
00:11:23,350 --> 00:11:21,760
about half water and half dust and so i

285
00:11:25,670 --> 00:11:23,360
actually did a little quick back of the

286
00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:25,680
envelope calculation on an actual

287
00:11:29,030 --> 00:11:27,360
envelope uh

288
00:11:30,389 --> 00:11:29,040
as you can see right here this is

289
00:11:32,790 --> 00:11:30,399
actually how a lot of scientists do

290
00:11:35,430 --> 00:11:32,800
these calculations a lot of times and my

291
00:11:38,069 --> 00:11:35,440
quick calculation is it's probably about

292
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:38,079
13 million olympic swimming pools worth

293
00:11:44,630 --> 00:11:41,360
of water so that's a lot of water

294
00:11:46,949 --> 00:11:44,640
wow that's that is a lot of water

295
00:11:50,629 --> 00:11:46,959
oh thank you for doing that calculation

296
00:11:53,430 --> 00:11:50,639
um so palak on youtube asked how fast

297
00:11:56,389 --> 00:11:53,440
would the comet be seen um moving with

298
00:11:57,990 --> 00:11:56,399
to the human eye

299
00:12:00,310 --> 00:11:58,000
you can't really see it with the human

300
00:12:01,350 --> 00:12:00,320
eye although you might notice it moving

301
00:12:03,030 --> 00:12:01,360
a little bit with respect to the

302
00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:03,040
background stars if for instance you

303
00:12:06,790 --> 00:12:04,800
have a camera on a tripod and you're

304
00:12:08,470 --> 00:12:06,800
taking images over time

305
00:12:10,470 --> 00:12:08,480
but you know on minute to minute it's

306
00:12:12,870 --> 00:12:10,480
not moving very fast if you take two

307
00:12:14,629 --> 00:12:12,880
images night to night you will see it

308
00:12:16,870 --> 00:12:14,639
distinctly moving against the background

309
00:12:21,750 --> 00:12:16,880
frame of the stars so you can you can

310
00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:24,790
fantastic uh so we have another question

311
00:12:30,949 --> 00:12:27,200
from twitter daryl leslie asked will i

312
00:12:35,430 --> 00:12:33,190
yeah you should be able to see it from

313
00:12:37,670 --> 00:12:35,440
most places in the northern hemisphere

314
00:12:38,949 --> 00:12:37,680
so long as you have a reasonably dark

315
00:12:41,110 --> 00:12:38,959
sky

316
00:12:43,110 --> 00:12:41,120
and have a clear view of the

317
00:12:44,790 --> 00:12:43,120
northwestern horizon

318
00:12:46,389 --> 00:12:44,800
now i know that some folks in the

319
00:12:49,110 --> 00:12:46,399
northern hemisphere especially those

320
00:12:49,829 --> 00:12:49,120
particularly far north are in

321
00:12:52,949 --> 00:12:49,839
the

322
00:12:54,389 --> 00:12:52,959
and if you're particularly far north you

323
00:12:56,550 --> 00:12:54,399
don't get a lot of dark time so that

324
00:12:57,750 --> 00:12:56,560
might make it a little more challenging

325
00:12:59,430 --> 00:12:57,760
but uh

326
00:13:05,269 --> 00:12:59,440
i would say still try to go for it it'd

327
00:13:10,550 --> 00:13:07,829
okay so we have another question um saga

328
00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:10,560
gautam from twitter they ask how is

329
00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:16,389
uh sure yeah i'll take that one so

330
00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:18,800
comets were formed in the very early

331
00:13:23,509 --> 00:13:21,200
days of our solar system back when

332
00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:23,519
everything was just this big

333
00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:26,480
disk of gas and dust and we didn't have

334
00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:28,000
even have the planets or anything for

335
00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:30,800
them so you had the star our protostar

336
00:13:34,629 --> 00:13:32,320
early sun in the middle and then just

337
00:13:35,750 --> 00:13:34,639
this big gas uh

338
00:13:38,069 --> 00:13:35,760
disk of

339
00:13:40,310 --> 00:13:38,079
gas and dust and then things started

340
00:13:42,389 --> 00:13:40,320
collecting into these uh into what

341
00:13:44,949 --> 00:13:42,399
eventually became the comets in the

342
00:13:47,670 --> 00:13:44,959
asteroids and the planets and the

343
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:47,680
asteroids tended to stay mostly in these

344
00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:50,160
middle of the solar system whereas most

345
00:13:54,470 --> 00:13:52,800
of the comets tend to get flung far away

346
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,480
and so they've been in what we like to

347
00:13:58,870 --> 00:13:56,800
call cold storage for most of the age of

348
00:14:02,230 --> 00:13:58,880
the solar system and that's why they're

349
00:14:03,350 --> 00:14:02,240
able to have these ices on onboard which

350
00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:03,360
helped to

351
00:14:08,949 --> 00:14:05,360
form these dramatic tales as we see with

352
00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:10,790
so the number one question we're getting

353
00:14:15,590 --> 00:14:12,800
from social media is

354
00:14:17,509 --> 00:14:15,600
can i see it from my parts of the world

355
00:14:19,269 --> 00:14:17,519
and can you explain where comet

356
00:14:22,389 --> 00:14:19,279
near-wise is visible

357
00:14:24,069 --> 00:14:22,399
across the globe right now

358
00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:24,079
so yeah as emily mentioned if you're in

359
00:14:28,629 --> 00:14:26,560
the northern hemisphere you can see it

360
00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:28,639
uh as the next couple days progress will

361
00:14:32,710 --> 00:14:30,800
be getting higher in the evening sky so

362
00:14:34,150 --> 00:14:32,720
you're going to want to look northwest

363
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:34,160
right under the big dipper so as this

364
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:36,000
graphic shows you can see where the

365
00:14:39,990 --> 00:14:38,720
comet was a few days ago with respect to

366
00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:40,000
the the

367
00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:42,240
dipper in the big dipper to the bucket

368
00:14:46,230 --> 00:14:44,800
um so that will be moving up and in this

369
00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:46,240
image to the left a little bit so

370
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:48,079
getting more underneath the big dipper

371
00:14:52,949 --> 00:14:50,399
um what you want to do is go out right

372
00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:52,959
around the time that the first stars

373
00:14:56,949 --> 00:14:55,440
start to show up and so you're not going

374
00:14:58,949 --> 00:14:56,959
to see it before that it's probably

375
00:15:00,790 --> 00:14:58,959
about as bright as some of the stars in

376
00:15:02,949 --> 00:15:00,800
the big dipper so

377
00:15:05,670 --> 00:15:02,959
find out what time your local sunset is

378
00:15:07,670 --> 00:15:05,680
go out about 45 minutes after that

379
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:07,680
and wait until the first star starts to

380
00:15:12,069 --> 00:15:08,720
appear and that's when you should start

381
00:15:14,389 --> 00:15:12,079
looking with your binoculars

382
00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:14,399
okay so is it visible from the southern

383
00:15:21,189 --> 00:15:16,720
hemisphere at all

384
00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:23,269
that's a shame

385
00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:24,800
um so how

386
00:15:29,829 --> 00:15:27,440
did on twitter ask um what is the

387
00:15:31,509 --> 00:15:29,839
diameter of comet neowise is it an

388
00:15:33,749 --> 00:15:31,519
interest and is it an interstellar

389
00:15:37,509 --> 00:15:33,759
object

390
00:15:43,350 --> 00:15:40,069
so from our additional data with the

391
00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:43,360
neoi spacecraft we're able to make a

392
00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:45,040
preliminary measurement of the size and

393
00:15:49,509 --> 00:15:47,120
nucleus we found out it's about

394
00:15:52,230 --> 00:15:49,519
three miles across or five kilometers

395
00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:52,240
for free for the other folks who might

396
00:15:57,189 --> 00:15:55,279
use uh the metric system uh

397
00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:57,199
and this one we know it's not an

398
00:16:03,030 --> 00:15:59,839
interstellar object uh by watching its

399
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:03,040
motion we can see that it's bound to the

400
00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:05,839
sun's gravity so it's coming in very

401
00:16:09,829 --> 00:16:08,240
rapidly and then it's gonna go far back

402
00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:09,839
out again and then but then it should

403
00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:11,920
come back in again in about six thousand

404
00:16:23,269 --> 00:16:20,069
fantastic so uh twitter user aloose

405
00:16:26,230 --> 00:16:23,279
okeezy asks please um i'd like to know

406
00:16:28,069 --> 00:16:26,240
if comets have regular orbits and i'd

407
00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:28,079
also like to know if the formation of

408
00:16:33,350 --> 00:16:30,320
comet tails leads to the reduction in

409
00:16:35,269 --> 00:16:33,360
mass of the comets and if their mass is

410
00:16:38,470 --> 00:16:35,279
replenished by when their orbit is

411
00:16:41,030 --> 00:16:38,480
farther away from the sun

412
00:16:42,790 --> 00:16:41,040
so yes comets do have regular orbits uh

413
00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:42,800
this one is on an elliptical orbit it's

414
00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:44,880
a very stretched out ellipse but it's

415
00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:46,240
still in the lips and so it will go

416
00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:50,079
around the sun every 7 000 years or so

417
00:16:53,749 --> 00:16:51,920
and each time it does it loses some of

418
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:53,759
its mass now there's nothing out there

419
00:16:57,269 --> 00:16:55,199
right now to replenish it all of the

420
00:16:59,189 --> 00:16:57,279
gases and dust that emily talked about

421
00:17:00,550 --> 00:16:59,199
that were there when it formed are no

422
00:17:02,629 --> 00:17:00,560
longer there they've been blown out by

423
00:17:05,029 --> 00:17:02,639
the sun's solar wind over the last

424
00:17:07,270 --> 00:17:05,039
billions of years and so it's constantly

425
00:17:09,110 --> 00:17:07,280
losing mass not replenishing it and so

426
00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:09,120
each time it goes by it will lose a

427
00:17:14,470 --> 00:17:11,039
little bit more until one day it just

428
00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:19,829
and how long does that process take

429
00:17:24,150 --> 00:17:23,029
um that process oh go on emily yeah no

430
00:17:26,549 --> 00:17:24,160
go ahead

431
00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:26,559
okay uh that process can it depends on

432
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:28,559
the comet some comets lose mass very

433
00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:30,960
quickly if their surface is if this is

434
00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:32,720
their first time in the solar system and

435
00:17:35,990 --> 00:17:34,320
there's not much in the way and there's

436
00:17:37,909 --> 00:17:36,000
a lot of ice on the surface it can lose

437
00:17:40,549 --> 00:17:37,919
that material very quickly

438
00:17:42,630 --> 00:17:40,559
as the comet gets older the ice has been

439
00:17:44,549 --> 00:17:42,640
blown off and the dust has remained and

440
00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:44,559
it gets this crust basically that

441
00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:46,720
shields it and so comets each time they

442
00:17:50,150 --> 00:17:48,320
come by will are expected to get a

443
00:17:51,750 --> 00:17:50,160
little bit weaker a little bit less

444
00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:51,760
powerful in terms of the amount of

445
00:17:56,710 --> 00:17:54,480
material being shed off and so they

446
00:17:58,789 --> 00:17:56,720
might still have ice of surface after we

447
00:18:00,549 --> 00:17:58,799
call them dead comets it's just that

448
00:18:02,390 --> 00:18:00,559
there's a thick layer of rubble that

449
00:18:06,549 --> 00:18:02,400
protects them protects them from the

450
00:18:10,390 --> 00:18:09,430
so uh kate staples from twitter um they

451
00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:10,400
asked

452
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:12,160
why is there a public conference about

453
00:18:17,430 --> 00:18:14,720
neowise tomorrow where the nasa defense

454
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:17,440
officers i find it all very sudden what

455
00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:24,150
i'm going to let joe take this one

456
00:18:27,270 --> 00:18:25,280
okay

457
00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:27,280
um there is no risk to the planet from

458
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,520
this the this object is nearly

459
00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:31,360
three-quarters of an astronomical unit

460
00:18:34,470 --> 00:18:33,120
away from us right now that's the one

461
00:18:36,549 --> 00:18:34,480
astronomical unit is the distance from

462
00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:36,559
the earth to the sun so this is very far

463
00:18:39,990 --> 00:18:38,000
away from us and it's not coming

464
00:18:41,430 --> 00:18:40,000
anywhere near us so there is no threat

465
00:18:43,029 --> 00:18:41,440
the reason that the planetary defense

466
00:18:45,029 --> 00:18:43,039
coordination office is having a press

467
00:18:47,510 --> 00:18:45,039
conference i believe right after this is

468
00:18:49,750 --> 00:18:47,520
because neowise is under the umbrella of

469
00:18:51,270 --> 00:18:49,760
the planetary defense office and so this

470
00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:51,280
is one of our goals is to search for

471
00:18:54,789 --> 00:18:52,960
hazardous asteroids when we do that we

472
00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:54,799
find all kinds of great other things

473
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,720
like comet neo-wise but because this is

474
00:19:00,549 --> 00:18:58,799
the office that is uh

475
00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:00,559
basically allowing neowise to operate

476
00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:02,480
and giving us our guidance they're the

477
00:19:05,830 --> 00:19:03,919
ones who are going to be uh talking

478
00:19:11,110 --> 00:19:05,840
about what we found and all the cool

479
00:19:15,430 --> 00:19:12,710
so there's another question on twitter

480
00:19:17,669 --> 00:19:15,440
from ange and they asked are there any

481
00:19:19,750 --> 00:19:17,679
chances of neo-eyes becoming a great

482
00:19:24,710 --> 00:19:19,760
comet and turning it exceptionally

483
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:26,950
uh comments are notoriously hard to

484
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:28,880
predict in terms of how bright they'll

485
00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:31,360
be and uh even for comments that we've

486
00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:33,840
seen before this is a real challenge but

487
00:19:37,430 --> 00:19:35,760
for comet neowise with it's the first

488
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:37,440
time that we're seeing it we don't

489
00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:39,919
really know for sure um

490
00:19:43,990 --> 00:19:42,160
because it's already past the

491
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:44,000
its closest point to the sun so that's

492
00:19:47,350 --> 00:19:45,280
it's already past the point where it's

493
00:19:49,590 --> 00:19:47,360
gotten the most heat it's unlikely to

494
00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:49,600
become tremendously much brighter than

495
00:19:55,430 --> 00:19:52,960
it is but comets surprise us so i would

496
00:19:57,029 --> 00:19:55,440
say keep keep a lookout and

497
00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:57,039
you know who knows we might see it

498
00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:58,720
become a great comment

499
00:20:02,310 --> 00:20:00,880
but it might just fade away that's the

500
00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:02,320
that's one of the exciting things about

501
00:20:05,669 --> 00:20:03,679
studying comments is that you never

502
00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:05,679
really know

503
00:20:08,870 --> 00:20:07,200
and we're all exploring this together

504
00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:08,880
right now

505
00:20:17,750 --> 00:20:15,190
um so terry on facebook they asked why

506
00:20:20,149 --> 00:20:17,760
are there two or even three towels with

507
00:20:22,950 --> 00:20:20,159
comets

508
00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:22,960
yeah so as i had explained before comet

509
00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:25,600
tails are made up of dust

510
00:20:32,390 --> 00:20:30,240
and uh ions and i ionize gases so that

511
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:32,400
broad tail that you see is the dust and

512
00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:34,960
it interacts with the sun's solar wind a

513
00:20:38,789 --> 00:20:36,880
little differently than the ionized gas

514
00:20:41,510 --> 00:20:38,799
is and sometimes you even have the third

515
00:20:42,549 --> 00:20:41,520
tail is which is uh the sodium tail in

516
00:20:44,310 --> 00:20:42,559
very

517
00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:44,320
rare cases where

518
00:20:48,390 --> 00:20:46,320
you have a particularly bright comet

519
00:20:50,950 --> 00:20:48,400
that's having a lot of activity having a

520
00:20:53,430 --> 00:20:50,960
lot of dust and gas come off the surface

521
00:20:55,990 --> 00:20:53,440
most of the time the comments we see are

522
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,000
too far or too fat to actually see that

523
00:21:03,909 --> 00:20:58,320
third tail so it's very exciting when we

524
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:06,230
so we have a couple of questions about

525
00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:09,760
um when was the last time comic neowise

526
00:21:12,870 --> 00:21:11,120
appeared

527
00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:12,880
or is this the first time it's visited

528
00:21:17,669 --> 00:21:14,880
us

529
00:21:19,909 --> 00:21:17,679
so its orbital period right now from our

530
00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:19,919
current measurements is around 6 800

531
00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:23,200
6900 years so that would mean that the

532
00:21:28,870 --> 00:21:25,760
comet was here last about 7 000 years

533
00:21:30,470 --> 00:21:28,880
ago however as the comet is outgassing

534
00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:30,480
as material is being kicked off these

535
00:21:34,630 --> 00:21:32,640
act like thruster jets and so comets

536
00:21:36,789 --> 00:21:34,640
very frequently change their orbits

537
00:21:39,029 --> 00:21:36,799
either subtly or sometimes dramatically

538
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:39,039
from one pass of the sun to the next so

539
00:21:42,549 --> 00:21:40,559
while we can go backwards in time and

540
00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:42,559
say it was probably here around 7 000

541
00:21:45,430 --> 00:21:43,760
years ago

542
00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:45,440
we're not sure if it's been on this

543
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:48,159
orbit for many more passes prior to that

544
00:21:52,149 --> 00:21:50,240
or if it had been dramatically changed

545
00:21:57,350 --> 00:21:52,159
for some reason because of the you know

546
00:22:05,029 --> 00:21:59,510
wow and what is the average temperature

547
00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:06,149
uh so

548
00:22:10,470 --> 00:22:08,080
comets are pretty cold

549
00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:10,480
uh compared to uh

550
00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:13,679
what we have here on earth but uh

551
00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:15,520
they're relatively warm compared to the

552
00:22:21,110 --> 00:22:18,640
background of space so uh

553
00:22:22,310 --> 00:22:21,120
let's see for an exact number oh i'm

554
00:22:24,070 --> 00:22:22,320
gonna have to pass it over to joe i'm

555
00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:24,080
not doing these calculations on my head

556
00:22:29,350 --> 00:22:26,640
which is why i had that that envelope

557
00:22:32,149 --> 00:22:29,360
where he did the other calculation

558
00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:32,159
so for for these kind of objects uh the

559
00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:33,840
temperature of the object is really just

560
00:22:36,470 --> 00:22:35,520
a function of how far it is from the sun

561
00:22:38,870 --> 00:22:36,480
because that's where it's getting its

562
00:22:41,270 --> 00:22:38,880
heat from and so because this comet is

563
00:22:42,789 --> 00:22:41,280
passing about the same distance from the

564
00:22:44,470 --> 00:22:42,799
sun as the earth is just in a very

565
00:22:46,149 --> 00:22:44,480
different spot it's going to have about

566
00:22:47,750 --> 00:22:46,159
the same temperature so if you were

567
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:47,760
standing on the surface it's probably

568
00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:50,000
close to room temperature but as emily

569
00:22:53,270 --> 00:22:51,360
mentioned as it goes further out it's

570
00:22:55,270 --> 00:22:53,280
going to cool off and drop dramatically

571
00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:55,280
and so it's going to get down to liquid

572
00:22:59,270 --> 00:22:57,120
nitrogen temperatures and liquid helium

573
00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,280
temperatures before it goes out into its

574
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:01,520
cold storage which is only a few degrees

575
00:23:11,430 --> 00:23:08,230
and um you said that they can change

576
00:23:13,190 --> 00:23:11,440
trajectory but when comets lose mass do

577
00:23:17,909 --> 00:23:13,200
their orbits change and that's a

578
00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:17,919
question from kamehameha on periscope

579
00:23:23,830 --> 00:23:21,280
uh yes absolutely the orbits can change

580
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:23,840
um it depends on where the thruster is

581
00:23:27,909 --> 00:23:26,480
coming out from uh comets we thought of

582
00:23:29,909 --> 00:23:27,919
them originally as snowballs that were

583
00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:29,919
just losing mass everywhere but from the

584
00:23:35,029 --> 00:23:32,640
rosetta mission to uh 67p triumph

585
00:23:37,029 --> 00:23:35,039
gerasimenko we saw that it actually came

586
00:23:39,190 --> 00:23:37,039
out in these very narrow jets from

587
00:23:41,029 --> 00:23:39,200
certain parts on the comet surface and

588
00:23:42,390 --> 00:23:41,039
so each of those jets can cause a little

589
00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:42,400
push and it can either change how the

590
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:43,760
comet spins

591
00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:45,840
or it can change the comet's entire

592
00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:47,760
orbit around the sun and it all depends

593
00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:49,360
on where that jet is and where it is

594
00:23:59,029 --> 00:23:56,789
and so samir on facebook they asked is

595
00:24:00,789 --> 00:23:59,039
this comet disintegrating as seen in

596
00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:00,799
some of the recent photos taken by

597
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:06,710
uh yeah sure so i took a look at a few

598
00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:10,080
of those from a couple days ago and uh

599
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:11,600
what i think we're actually seeing in

600
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:13,600
those images is not necessarily the

601
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:15,600
comment breaking up but actually a

602
00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:16,960
jitter in

603
00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:20,080
the way the camera is set up so if you

604
00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:22,000
have a camera that's very stable you'll

605
00:24:25,909 --> 00:24:23,919
get a nice clear picture of the comet

606
00:24:28,070 --> 00:24:25,919
but if it shakes a little as you're

607
00:24:30,390 --> 00:24:28,080
taking the image it'll look like the

608
00:24:32,230 --> 00:24:30,400
comet is breaking up or splitting up and

609
00:24:34,950 --> 00:24:32,240
this is actually a really common thing

610
00:24:36,070 --> 00:24:34,960
that even professional astronomers have

611
00:24:39,430 --> 00:24:36,080
to deal with

612
00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:39,440
so if you see a little uh bit of jitter

613
00:24:43,990 --> 00:24:42,000
in your objects or in the images that's

614
00:24:45,990 --> 00:24:44,000
pretty normal uh that doesn't mean the

615
00:24:47,669 --> 00:24:46,000
comet's breaking up that just means that

616
00:24:50,149 --> 00:24:47,679
you might need to try to secure your

617
00:24:51,669 --> 00:24:50,159
your uh camera a little bit more tightly

618
00:24:55,269 --> 00:24:51,679
before trying to take another long

619
00:24:58,870 --> 00:24:56,950
we're getting some great um questions

620
00:25:01,269 --> 00:24:58,880
from social media so we have holland

621
00:25:03,590 --> 00:25:01,279
lilly on periscope they asked what does

622
00:25:07,350 --> 00:25:03,600
the color of neowise's gas plume tell us

623
00:25:12,149 --> 00:25:09,590
emily you can take this one

624
00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:12,159
sure yeah so the

625
00:25:17,110 --> 00:25:14,640
uh we can use what are called spectra to

626
00:25:18,870 --> 00:25:17,120
help us understand the composition of

627
00:25:20,390 --> 00:25:18,880
these comets without even having to go

628
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:20,400
there which is i i think is really

629
00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:22,559
fascinating just by the basically by the

630
00:25:26,830 --> 00:25:24,080
color of the light we can tell what it's

631
00:25:28,710 --> 00:25:26,840
made of without we'd have to touch it uh

632
00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:28,720
so we

633
00:25:34,149 --> 00:25:31,200
what we know from uh comets is that

634
00:25:37,110 --> 00:25:34,159
generally these ion tails are made of uh

635
00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:37,120
hydrogen cyanide uh

636
00:25:43,510 --> 00:25:40,559
and a few other what we call uh

637
00:25:45,750 --> 00:25:43,520
carbon bearing molecules um

638
00:25:47,269 --> 00:25:45,760
and so yeah hydrogen cyanide tends to be

639
00:25:49,029 --> 00:25:47,279
one of the biggest ones so you wouldn't

640
00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:49,039
want to breathe it in if

641
00:25:54,549 --> 00:25:50,880
if you're standing on the comet as joe

642
00:25:58,710 --> 00:25:56,630
well we have learned a lot about comet

643
00:26:00,630 --> 00:25:58,720
nearwise today emily and joe thank you

644
00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:00,640
so much for joining us

645
00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:01,840
you're very welcome it's been a long

646
00:26:07,269 --> 00:26:04,880
time yeah a lot of fun

647
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:07,279
and thank you for joining us from home

648
00:26:10,710 --> 00:26:08,880
if you want to learn more or take a

649
00:26:12,669 --> 00:26:10,720
closer look at viewing tips of comet

650
00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:12,679
neowise visit

651
00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:14,400
go.nasa.gov

652
00:26:18,070 --> 00:26:16,480
spot comment nearwise

653
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:18,080
so we're going to end this episode with

654
00:26:22,390 --> 00:26:20,080
a fun video that has all you need to

655
00:26:25,669 --> 00:26:22,400
know about near-earth objects and nasa's

656
00:26:30,940 --> 00:26:25,679
mission to find a track and monitor them

657
00:28:40,630 --> 00:26:42,610
[Music]

658
00:28:45,269 --> 00:28:42,710
not special there's thousands of people

659
00:28:46,549 --> 00:28:45,279
out here that have thousands of jobs

660
00:28:47,909 --> 00:28:46,559
you know and each one's equally

661
00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:47,919
important

662
00:28:52,310 --> 00:28:49,840
the only unique thing about us is we